The fourth series of Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Sources (first published in 1964 as Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History) provides a unique venue for scholars to offer fresh readings of evidence from the period 400-1600. This annual is dedicated to the fundamental scholarship of analysis and interpretation led by direct engagement with the sources-written, visual, or material-in any form, from editions, translations, and commentaries to reports, notes, and reflections. By foregrounding the most basic approach of working outwards from the evidence, the annual aims to foster conversations across disciplines, regions, and periods, as well as to become a reference point for original approaches and new discoveries.