This study is the first in-depth analysis of the Fulbright exchange program in a single country. Drawing on previously unexplored archives and oral history, the authors investigate the educational, political and diplomatic dimensions of a complex bi-national program as experienced by Australian and American scholars. The book begins with the postwar context of the scheme's origins, moves through its difficult Australian establishment during the early Cold War, the challenges posed by the Vietnam War, and the impacts of civil rights and gender parity movements and late 20th century economic belt-tightening. How the program's goal of 'mutual understanding' was understood and enacted across six decades lies at the heart of the book, which weaves institutional and individual experiences together with broader geopolitical issues. Bringing a complex and nuanced analysis to the Australia-US relationship, the authors offer fresh insights into the global significance of the Fulbright Program Academic ambassadors, Pacific allies recounts the history of the Fulbright Program in Australia, locating academic exchange in the context of US cultural diplomacy and revealing a complex relationship between governments, publicly funded research and academic independence. The study traces the changing nature of the program over more than sixty years of Australia's role as an ally of the US in the Asia-Pacific region. From its origins during post-war reconstruction and the early, defining years of the Cold War, and pre-dating other Australia-US treaties, the binational program jostled policy fluctuations, political and moral challenges posed by US and Australian military engagement in the Vietnam War, and the urgent realities of a declining public sector with associated funding cutbacks. The book shows how individual academics and program administrators worked to interpret the meaning of academic exchange for 'mutual benefit' across the decades. Gender differentiation in the administration and allocation of awards, scholars' engagement in civil rights protests or gay rights activism, and the program's influence on the emergence of new fields of academic enquiry are explored in detail. Posing critical questions and drawing on previously unexplored archives of the Fulbright Commission, relevant US and Australian government departments, and the reports and oral history of participating academics (Fulbright alumni), the study weaves institutional and individual experiences together with broader geopolitical issues. The result is a complex and nuanced analysis that, with its concentration on the particulars of the Australia-US relationship, brings fresh insights to current understandings of the global influence of the Fulbright Program. This study engages with the fields of US and Australian diplomatic history, including cultural diplomacy, education history, politics, Cold War, the war in Vietnam and the history of international philanthropic organisations and scholarly networks. It will also be of great interest to Fulbright alumni and personnel in participating countries around the world.